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The Community Innovation Surveys'' (CIS)'' 〔http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Community_innovation_survey〕 are a series of surveys executed by national statistical offices throughout the European Union and in Norway and Iceland. The harmonized surveys are designed to give information on the innovativeness of different sectors and regions. Data from these surveys is used for the annual European Innovation Scoreboard and for academic research on innovation, with over 200 papers using the CIS data published. ==Surveys== In the 1980s, a series of individual surveys on innovation was carried out.〔http://www.druid.dk/databases/cis.pdf〕 Thereupon, the member states of the European Union decided to coordinate their efforts, and they laid down a common methodological approach to innovation research in the Oslo Manual. As of 2009, five CIS surveys have been carried out: *CIS1, 1992 *CIS2, 1996 *CIS3, 2001 *CIS4, for the reference period 2002-2004 *CIS 2006, for the reference period 2004-2006 CIS 2008 is currently in the field, while planning is underway for CIS 2010. CIS1 experienced some difficulties, partly because no standards existed yet, and partly because of a rather limited time-frame.〔http://cordis.europa.eu/eims/src/eims-r11.htm (Aalborg University, 1995)〕 However, it already made a first attempt at homogenization, and at comparability with non-EU surveys. In that sense it was an important step towards CIS2, even though both surveys turned out to mark a rather large number of firms as 'innovative' due to their generous definitions.〔, page 20〕 The more recent surveys paid more attention to service innovations, and future surveys will also include management techniques, organisational change, design and marketing issues.〔(CORDIS: Promotion of Innovation: Community Innovation Survey )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Community Innovation Survey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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